Polyethylene glycol derivatives of base and sequence specific DNA ligands: DNA interaction and application for base specific separation of DNA fragments by gel electrophoresis

Various base pair specific DNA ligands comprising a phenyl phenazinium dye, a triphenylmethan dye and Hoechst 33258 were covalently bound to polyethylene glycol (PEG) via ester or ether bonds. The DNA interactions of the PEG derivatives formed were shown to exhibit the same base pair specificity as the parent compounds. Since the PEG chains thus bound to the DNA could be expected to increase drastically the frictional coefficient of the DNA, the PEG derivatives were used for base specific DNA separations in agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The procedures, which do not require any special techniques, are described in detail. The resolution observed in agarose gels allows one to separate equally sized DNA fragments differing as little as 1% in base composition at mean travel distances of about 10 cm. Examples of gels showing the base compositional heterogeneity of restriction fragments obtained from lambda DNA, E. coli DNA and calf thymus DNA are given.